Circulating tumor DNA in cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis

Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute

Table 1 List of cancer-specific biomarkers

Cancer type	Biological source	Markers	Potential application	Ref
Urinary cancer
Prostate cancer	Plasma	TP53	Diagnosis	[25]
	Plasma	AR	Diagnosis/prognosis	[26]
	Plasma	HRR	Monitoring	[27]
Bladder cancer
mUC	Plasma	FGFR3, ERBB2(HER2), ERCC2	Diagnosis	[28]
MIBC	Plasma	PIK3CA, TP53,TERT	Prognosis	[29]
Renal cancer
ccRCC	Plasma	VHL, PBRM1, SETD2,BAP1	Monitoring	[30]
mRCC	Plasma	TP53, VHL, EGFR, NF1, ARID1A	Monitoring	[31]
pRCC	Plasma	MET	Monitoring	[31]
Female cancer
Breast cancer	Plasma	ESR1, PIK3CA, TP53, MUC1	Monitoring	[9, 32]
Ovarian cancer	Plasma	KRAS, PIK3CA, BRAF, ERBB2	Monitoring	[33]
Digestive cancer
Pancreatic cancer	Plasma	BRCA2, K-ras	Prognosis and monitoring	[34]
Pancreatic cancer	Plasma	KDR, EGFR, ERBR2	Prognosis	[34]
Colorectal cancer	Plasma	KRAS, BRAF, APC, mSEPT9	Monitoring	[35]
Gastric cancer	Plasma	TP53, PIK3CA, FBXW7	Monitoring	[36]
Others
Lung cancer
NSCLC	Plasma	KRAS, LKB1, ROS1, MET	Diagnosis	[37]
NSCLC	Plasma	EGFR, ALK	Diagnosis and monitoring	[37]
Melanoma	Plasma	BRAF, NRAS, TERT	Prognosis and monitoring	[38]

mUC metastatic urothelial carcinoma, MIBC muscle invasive bladder cancer, ccRCC clear cell renal cell carcinoma, mRCC metastatic renal cell carcinoma, pRCC papillary renal cell carcinoma, NSCLC non-small-cell lung carcinoma